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MCQs 1: What is defined as the cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others ?

racism ethnicity identity stereotyping
Answer Explanation

MCQs 2: What proportion of employment in nonurban counties in the United States is accounted for by agriculture ?

9 per cent 22 per cent 41 per cent 63 per cent
Answer Explanation

MCQs 3: The most dramatic population trend in the United States throughout the twentieth century has been_______________?

urbanization suburbanization the move to the sunbelt the move to the “old homestead” in rural areas
Answer Explanation

MCQs 4: Herbert Gans called urban residents who prefer to live in their own tight-knit communities___________?

communities ethnic villagers the trapped gentrofiles
Answer Explanation

MCQs 5: Louis Wirth argued that a relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior which he called_______________?

squatting linear development urbanism gentrification
Answer Explanation

MCQs 6: Urbanism is the study of________________?

Cities human communities’ rural areas Transition None of these
Answer Explanation

MCQs 7: The traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown areas when the residential area shifts outward this is called_____________?

Suburbanization Network city Postmodern city All of the above
Answer Explanation

MCQs 8: In western world urbanization has accompanied________________?

Trade Progress Industrialization None of these
Answer Explanation

MCQs 9: Homogeneity farming and subsistent economy are salient features of_____________?

Urban Community Rural community None of these All of these
Answer Explanation

MCQs 10: communities can be categorized terms of______________?

Geography Culture Organizations All of above
Answer Explanation

MCQs 11: Individual learns socialization______________?

in infancy in childhood throughout the life None of these
Answer Explanation

MCQs 12: A social group of organisms sharing an environment normally with shared interests is a______________?

Colony Society Community None of these
Answer Explanation

MCQs 13: White-collar crime is low in visibility because_____________?

it involves only small amounts of money the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoise the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime it goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions
Answer Explanation

MCQs 14: If a deviant act is ‘normalized’ it is______________?

recognized as breaking an important norm of behavior seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise normal character the first step in establishing a deviant career attributed to the person’s genetic or anatomical make up
Answer Explanation

MCQs 15: Which one of the following is a strategy for restorative justice ?

community service imprisonment electronic tagging curfews
Answer Explanation

MCQs 16: _______________ Of what is the failure of companies to adhere to legal regulations that apply to them an example ?

white-collar crime corporate crime victimless crime organized
Answer Explanation

MCQs 17: Which policy is supported by the theory of broken windows ?

restorative justice zero tolerance target hardening deterrent sentencing
Answer Explanation

MCQs 18: Which approach holds that deviance is not a feature of a group or individual but a process of interaction through which one group becomes defined as deviant ?

labelling theory control theory functionalist theory conflict theory
Answer Explanation

MCQs 19: Who first introduced the notion of anomie into sociology ?

comte Marx Weber Durkheim
Answer Explanation

MCQs 20: Which one of the following is an example of a ‘third generation’ or true cybercrime ?

international drug dealing via email The global trade in online pornography the vandalizing of virtual environments theft of goods sold via online action websites
Answer Explanation

MCQs 21: The approach to crime prevention based on increased surveillance (such as CCTV and Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target hardening (such as a car immobilizers and better home security) is known as what ?

the new criminology broken windows theory situational crime prevention deviance reduction theory
Answer Explanation

MCQs 22: What is Howard Becker’s famous definition of deviance ?

deviant behavior is behavior that is labelled so by the law deviant behavior is behavior that people so label deviant behavior is that labelled by the perpetrators deviant behavior is that which causes public offence
Answer Explanation

MCQs 23: Which of the following statements about crime and deviance is false ?

the concept of ‘deviance’ is much broader than ‘crime’ deviance and crime very often overlap the concept of deviance can be applied to individuals and groups deviance is normally sanctioned by law
Answer Explanation

MCQs 24: Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way to completely avoid the stigmatization process?

restitution legalization radical non-intervention decriminalization retribution
Answer Explanation

MCQs 25: Labelling theory came into prominence during which decade of the twentieth century ?

1950s 1980s 1940s 1960s 1970s
Answer Explanation

MCQs 26: Social Control theory attempts to explain_____________?

conformity corporate crime Psychologically-based crime lower-class crime white-collar crime
Answer Explanation

MCQs 27: What sociological theory of crime and deviance emphasizes sub-cultural belief systems as a major contributor to crime ?

Social Control theory Anomie theory Lower Class Focal Value theory Social Process theory Strain theory
Answer Explanation

MCQs 28: According to Strain theory, ____ are those individuals who have traditional success goals but substitute deviant means by which to achieve them ?

ritualists ret realists rebels innovators conformists
Answer Explanation

MCQs 29: Psychological positivism stresses the key role that _______ plays in the development of conformist of criminal belief systems?

pre-natal nutrition hormones genetic abnormalities early childhood adolescence
Answer Explanation

MCQs 30: Conflict theory’s primary suggestion for reducing crime and deviance involves the_____________?

Substantial reduction of economic inequality Subordination of the agents of social control redefinition of acts that are currently defined as criminal amelioration of social welfare activities repression of lower-class gang activities
Answer Explanation

MCQs 31: The of “who defines deviance” has principally been addressed by what sociological theory ?

Differential Association Conflict Positivism Social Control Functionalism
Answer Explanation

MCQs 32: Peer approval of your actions would be a good example of_____________?

age-specific support informal social control internalization of norms formal social control positivism
Answer Explanation

MCQs 33: Sociologists believe that no behavior is____________?

Without a deal of grate variation inherently deviant totally in keeping with tradition Without a corresponding judgment Completely irrelevant
Answer Explanation

MCQs 34: How is terrorism different from the types of crime described by the Chicago School ?

it is a committed on a larger, often global, scale, and is well organized it is associated with political conflict between states and their citizens it can have far-reaching effects upon international relations all of the above
Answer Explanation

MCQs 35: The Mafia is an example of____________?

White collar crime organized crime none-criminal deviance global terrorism
Answer Explanation

MCQs 36: The term ‘secondary deviation refers to_________________?

The punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts the labelling of an act as deviant through social reaction to it the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action All of the above
Answer Explanation

MCQs 37: Lombroso claimed that______________?

criminals were socialized into an underworld of crime no act is intrinsically deviant biological failings drove some people into crime women were less likely to be arrested than men
Answer Explanation

MCQs 38: What is the term that describes repeat offending by those who have been in prison ?

rehabilitation deterrence reform recidivism
Answer Explanation

MCQs 39: Which of these is NOT an example of target hardening ?

anti-social behavior orders Steering locks burglar alrams CCTV
Answer Explanation

MCQs 40: Which approach framed their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of this preservation of power by the ruling class ?

New Left Realism Right Realism new criminology interactionism
Answer Explanation

MCQs 41: Merton describes types of response to a situation where there are widely socially endorsed values but limited means of achieving them. Which of his types describes an acceptance of the values but willingness to use any means to achieve them?

Conformists innovators ritualists retrealists
Answer Explanation

MCQs 42: What is defined as ‘non-conformity to a given set or norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society ?

criminality deviance recidivism degeneracy
Answer Explanation

MCQs 43: Which of the following is not a reason why corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute compared with individual crimes ?

victims may not realise that a crime has been committed it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual
Answer Explanation

MCQs 44: Which of these is not a concept associated with Left Realist explanations of criminal subcultures ?

social exclusion individual pathology political marginalization relative deprivation
Answer Explanation

MCQs 45: Robert Merton’s ideas on crime and deviance make use of the concept of anomie. What does anomie mean in Merton’s work ?

Normlessness meaninglessness social strain social adaptation
Answer Explanation

MCQs 46: The “natural law” approach is essentially concerned with__________________?

civil law or torts limiting the powers of wealthy businessmen family law limiting the powers of government the protection of universal human rights
Answer Explanation

MCQs 47: The key concept in labelling theory is that of____________________?

stigma commitment aspiration motivation acceptance
Answer Explanation

MCQs 48: Which of the following was not identified as one of the four major social bonds in Hirschi’s Social Control theory ?

religiosity commitment involvement belief attachment
Answer Explanation

MCQs 49: Sutherland’s Differential Association theory emphasizes that crime and deviance are basically______________?

due to poor parenting learned psychotic biological the result of being labelled
Answer Explanation

MCQs 50: According to Strain theory, retreatants are likely to engage in what type of deviant activity ?

Sexual assault terrorism counterfeiting drug abuse robbery
Answer Explanation

MCQs 51: The sociologist responsible for the modern-day adaptation of strain theory is______________?

Weber Cohen Marx Merton Chambliss
Answer Explanation

MCQs 52: Biological positivists have tended to focus on what type of crime ?

Violent juvenile drug-related white collar
Answer Explanation

MCQs 53: The rise in patriotism following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, is an example of what function of deviance ?

Warning Solidarity Unification Authoritarian Boundary setting
Answer Explanation

MCQs 54: According to Quinine, crimes of “domination and repression” are committed by ______________?

People who aspire to the upper class The ruling elite white collar businessmen gang members the lower socio-economic strate
Answer Explanation

MCQs 55: The classic sociological study of two juvenile groups called the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks” was conducted by______________?

Chambliss Lynch Merton Bentham Turk
Answer Explanation

MCQs 56: Punishments, or negative sanctions, are especially important at the _______ level?

informal societal traditional formal adolescent
Answer Explanation

MCQs 57: Sociological definitions of deviance consist of behaviors, beliefs, and_______________?

attributes realities Choices records Conditions
Answer Explanation

MCQs 58: Which of the following in NOT associated with functionalism ?

Talcott Parsons Ralf Dahrendorf Emile Durkheim Robert Merton
Answer Explanation

MCQs 59: The feeling of aimlessness or despair often associated with unsettling conditions is_______________?

alienation amorality anomie ascription
Answer Explanation

MCQs 60: Theoretical approaches can only be said to be valid if______________?

the theorist has researched the literature thoroughly they have been tested out by means of factual research they are written in such a way as to be impossible to disprove they are shared by a large enough number of theorists
Answer Explanation

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